Understanding Bipolar Disorder: Types, Genetic Links, and Neurochemical Factors

Bipolar disorder is a complex mental health condition classified into two main categories: Bipolar I and Bipolar II. Bipolar I Disorder is the classic form of manic depression, characterized by full-blown Manic Episodes and Major Depressive Episodes. These manic episodes are marked by extreme mood swings, high energy levels, and risky behaviors, which can significantly impair daily functioning and relationships.

In contrast, Bipolar II Disorder involves Major Depressive Episodes and Hypomanic Episodes, which are less severe than full mania. Individuals with Bipolar II experience elevated mood and increased activity levels during hypomania, but these episodes do not reach the intensity of mania seen in Bipolar I. This distinction was made because a significant portion of those suffering from manic depression do not experience full manic episodes, necessitating a classification that acknowledges the varying intensity of symptoms.

Interestingly, Bipolar II is often considered a precursor to Bipolar I. Some individuals initially diagnosed with Bipolar II may eventually develop the more severe symptoms characteristic of Bipolar I. This progression underscores the importance of early diagnosis and intervention.

Bipolar disorder tends to run in families, suggesting a genetic component. Research indicates a biological vulnerability to bipolarity can be inherited, although not everyone with this genetic predisposition will develop the disorder. Similarly, major depression, which frequently co-occurs with bipolar disorder, also appears to have a familial pattern. However, it can manifest in individuals without any family history of the disease.

An important finding in recent research is the association of major depressive disorder with neurochemical imbalances in the brain. These imbalances, involving neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, can affect mood regulation and overall mental health, highlighting the need for targeted treatments that address these underlying biochemical factors.
Understanding Bipolar Disorder: Types, Genetic Links, and Neurochemical Factors

Bipolar I disorder

All types of bipolar disorder are characterized by episodes of extreme mood. The highs are known as manic episodes. The lows are known as depressive episodes.

Bipolar disorder is classified in two categories: Bipolar I and Bipolar II. Bipolar I Disorder is considered the classic form of manic depression, with full Manic Episodes and Major Depressive Episodes. It is chronic mood swings that go from very high manic states to severe depressive episodes.

While Bipolar II Disorder involves Major Depressive Episodes and Hypomanic (non-full-blown Mania) Episodes.

Bipolar I Disorder last at least 7 days, or by manic symptoms that are so severe that the person needs immediate hospital care. A person with bipolar 1 may or may not experience a major depressive episode.

A person affected by bipolar I disorder has had at least one manic episode in their life. A manic episode is a period of abnormally elevated or irritable mood and high energy, accompanied by abnormal behavior that disrupts life.

They also experience periods of unusually intense emotion, changes in sleep patterns and activity levels, and uncharacteristic behaviors—often without recognizing their likely harmful or undesirable effects.

Manic episodes are usually characterized by the following: exceptional energy, restlessness, trouble concentrating, feelings of euphoria (extreme happiness), risky behaviors, increased energy, with hyperactivity and a decreased need for sleep.

People in manic episodes may spend money far beyond their means, have sex with people they wouldn't otherwise, or pursue grandiose, unrealistic plans.
Bi-polar I disorder